Looking more closely at the photos, it appears that the reluctor ring on the driver's side cam phaser is separating from the rest of the phaser. I wouldn't be surprised if the phaser just comes apart the minute you unbolt it from the cam.
A broken phaser would definitely cause all the timing issues you've been experiencing, and multiple broken rockers are a bad sign. That can only happen if the pistons have "kissed" the valves so you'd be a very lucky boy if none of them are bent. As already suggested, you'll need to perform a leak down test to check.