This is copied from Wikipedia. (much quicker than me typing something out) "
A
hot wire mass airflow sensor determines the mass of air flowing into the engine’s air intake system. The
theory of operation of the hot wire mass airflow sensor is similar to that of the
hot wire anemometer (which determines air velocity). The Buick motor division (GM) was the first car company to use the hot wire sensor.[
citation needed] This is achieved by heating a wire with an electric current that is suspended in the engine’s air stream, like a toaster wire. The wire's
electrical resistance increases as the wire’s temperature increases, which limits
electrical current flowing through the circuit. When air flows past the wire, the wire cools, decreasing its resistance, which in turn allows more current to flow through the circuit. As more current flows, the wire’s temperature increases until the resistance reaches equilibrium again. The amount of current required to maintain the wire’s temperature is directly proportional to the mass of air flowing past the wire. The integrated electronic circuit converts the measurement of current into a voltage signal which is sent to the ECU.
If air density increases due to pressure increase or temperature drop, but the air volume remains constant, the denser air will remove more heat from the wire indicating a higher mass airflow. Unlike the vane meter's paddle sensing element, the hot wire responds directly to air density. This sensor's capabilities are well suited to support the gasoline combustion process which fundamentally responds to air mass, not air volume."
The internal calibration of the sensor is what controls how much voltage is outputed in relivation to the air mass. Like Lito stated, the factory sensors are clipped at roughly 5.5 to 6 volts. In a factory application there is no need to a sensor to output any higher than that seeing as how the ecu can't use anything higher than 5 volts any way. The interal clip has been removed from the HPX sensors. Like Lito also stated, the best thing to do is use the appropriate sensor in the appropriate size tube. An extender isn't a bad idea to gain a little bit of head room over changing a whole setup out if you are just going for a little more power. Sorry for the late responce, I had a lot going on today.